Diabetes Mellitus: What it is, Types, Symptoms, Treatment and More

The entire world is suffering from an epidemic of diabetes. Currently, it is estimated that around 387 million people are infected with the disease worldwide. Similarly, in Brazil, about 8.9% of the population suffers from this condition. The data is impressive, since it corresponds to more than 18 million people.

First of all, it is worth explaining what it is about. Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disease characterized by a decrease in the production of insulin by the pancreas, as well as a decrease in the action of insulin or insulin resistance in cells.

What is the Diabetes?

According to Dr. Dra. Maria Fernanda Barca, an endocrinologist at the University of São Paulo School of Medicine (FMUSP), Diabetes is mainly divided into two types. Thus, the first type is an autoimmune disease, which means that the body produces antibodies against the pancreas and the insulin that the patient produces. This is known as the type of diabetes that shows its first signs in childhood.

Type 2 diabetes is the one that appears in adults. That is, it gives the first symptoms later in life, and begins with difficulty in the action of the insulin that the body produces in the body and in the transfer of ingested sugar to the cells, a form of insulin resistance that affects to the pancreas (where insulin is found). occurs), leading to diabetes.

In addition, there is another type of diabetes, gestational diabetes, which appears in pregnant women during pregnancy. In this case, as in the previous one, the difficulty lies precisely in the body’s resistance to the action of insulin, which causes an increase in blood sugar levels.

Diabetes Symptoms

Polyphagia: Excessive or extreme hunger.
Urination: excessive need to urinate, even at night;
Thirst: extreme thirst.
Weakness and fatigue.
Finally, the lack of enthusiasm.

About a whole cycle. That is, the person feels more thirsty, drinks juices instead of water, insulin resistance increases, blood sugar increases, and the body cannot balance itself. Thus, it leads to an exacerbation of the disease.

The most common causes of diabetes.

Overweight/obesity
Sedentary lifestyle;
Diets high in carbohydrates (mainly refined, processed and industrial);
Family history;
Hypertension.
Low HDL (“good cholesterol”);
High triglycerides
Use of drugs that raise blood sugar.

Diagnosis: How to know if I have diabetes and treatments

The main treatment continues to be a change in lifestyle, especially with an adaptation of the diet, balancing the consumption of carbohydrates (choice of complexes), proteins and good quality vegetables, distributed in the meals during the day.

For this reason, it is always recommended to bet on foods rich in fiber, since fiber reduces the absorption of sugars. The doctor explains that most patients do not need insulin to live well with the diagnosis, and there are currently excellent medications that help control blood sugar, bringing these values to other people with prediabetes.

But all this, of course, depends on the assessment of the endocrinologist. Therefore, the recommendation is always to see an expert if symptoms begin to appear.

Diabetes tests: What are the tests that confirm the diagnosis?

According to the doctor. Lorena Lima Amato, an endocrinologist with a doctorate from the University of São Paulo, the tests that allow the diagnosis of diabetes are:

Fasting blood sugar: It is a test that is performed by collecting blood after an 8-hour fast. If the value is significantly greater than or equal to 126 mg/dL, it is a diagnostic criteria for diabetes;
Glycosylated hemoglobin: Also done along with collecting blood tests, it assesses how a person’s blood glucose level has been over the last 3 months. The diagnostic value of diabetes is when the glycosylated hemoglobin is greater than or equal to 6.5%;
Oral Glucose Tolerance Test: An 8-hour blood glucose test is initially performed. After this first set, the patient drinks a (very sweet) liquid containing 75 grams of glucose. Two hours after this fluid has invaded, remaining at rest in the laboratory, a fresh blood test is taken. In this second group, if blood glucose levels are greater than or equal to 200 mg/dL, it is a diagnostic criterion for diabetes.

To diagnose the disease, at least two tests of the same or different methods are required, such as fasting blood glucose and glycosylated hemoglobin change, for example. In case of symptoms of hyperglycemia, such as excessive hunger (eating too much), excessive thirst (polydipsia), weight loss and excessive urination (polyuria), it is only the altered blood sugar that really allows us to close the diagnosis of diabetes. ”, explains the doctor.

Diabetes Medications

To treat type 1 diabetes, daily insulin is required. On the other hand, type 2 diabetes is usually treated with anti-diabetic medication pills, such as metformin, glimepiride, and gliclazide. However, insulin support may also be necessary. In addition, a diet controlled in sugars and fats and exercise are essential to complete the treatment.

Since the most appropriate medication for each person varies according to several factors, including the type of diabetes, the severity of the disease and age, treatment should always be directed by a medical professional.

Why is the number of people infected with this disease increasing?

The reason behind the excessive increase in the incidence of diabetes is well known to us. I tell us this, because it is on the table of every Brazilian: refined carbohydrates.

At this time, we know that high carbohydrate consumption leads to an increased insulin response and an increase in blood sugar, which contributes to obesity. Therefore, as thousands of analyzes and studies have shown, the accumulation of abdominal fat (“visceral fat”) is directly related to chronic inflammation. This, in turn, is directly related to type 2 diabetes and heart attacks, such as strokes, for example.

Carbohydrates are the macronutrients that are converted rapidly and in greater quantity (100%) into glucose. Therefore, its consumption should be moderate for patients prone to diseases such as diabetes, especially in its industrial form.

Is Diabetes a Cure?

If you have or know someone who has hyperglycemia (high blood sugar), you may have wondered if diabetes is curable. Being so categorical and objective, endocrinologist Paula Pérez, a graduate of the University of São Paulo (USP), says that the answer to that question is no.

This is explained by the fact that diabetes is chronic. The disease, which affects 537 million adults worldwide, according to the International Diabetes Federation, begins gradually. Its causes are varied and the evolution is usually long and even uncertain. At the same time, the treatment consists of a continuous care process, but it does not have a final effect.

“Once a person is diagnosed with diabetes, this already means irreversible metabolic changes, such as insulin resistance and changes in the functioning of the pancreas, which is the organ that secretes insulin, so prevention is really the best way to go.” medicine”, warns Paula.

Despite this scenario, there is good news for diabetics: the problem offers the possibility of remission. “Remission is when the disease is silent. That is, the patient, even without taking medication, does not have any signs, symptoms or laboratory changes that indicate its development, “explains Thai Musi, an endocrinologist at the Brazilian Society of Endocrinology and metabolism (SBEM). ).

The difference between treatment and remission

Thais say that the two terms (remission and cure) often cause confusion when it comes to diabetes. After all, a remission can lead a person to believe that the condition is over or just gone. However, the truth is that if healthy lifestyle habits are not followed, especially in terms of diet and exercise, the disease will return.

It is also important to emphasize that this only occurs in the case of type 2 diabetes, which represents around 90% of diabetes cases. “It is caused by insulin resistance, which reduces the action of the hormone in the body, leading to an increase in the body’s production of insulin in an attempt to ensure normal glucose levels. When this ‘movement’ does not it is sustainable, diabetes appears. ”, details the Thai.

This diversity is associated with a high consumption of fats and carbohydrates and a lack of physical activity. Thus, it particularly affects adults over the age of 50, although rates of the disease frequently increase among young adults, adolescents, and even children.

What about type 2 Diabetes?

By the way, this is the audience that develops type 1 diabetes, as a result of an autoimmune reaction in the body. This means that the immune system itself destroys the insulin-producing cells in the pancreas. When this hormone is not produced, glucose ends up accumulating in the blood.

Since it is the body’s own response, type 1 diabetes is not yet curable. Therefore, the use of insulin is necessary to control glucose levels in the bloodstream. According to the Thais, studies on this topic are ongoing, as is stem cell therapy, but it is still in the preliminary stage.

How do you get to the stage of calm?

To enter recovery, the ideal situation is for a person with diabetes to focus their attention on following a healthy routine. It is necessary, for example, to maintain an adequate weight, eat a balanced diet and exercise regularly. “It is important, of course, that any attempt to reverse diabetes be made under medical supervision,” the Thais advise.

According to the doctor, some recent studies indicate that “in patients with less than six years of disease, hypocaloric diets for three months, followed by a progressive caloric reintroduction and a follow-up phase to maintain the lost weight, recovery can be achieved without the need of medication”.

Types of Diabetes

Diabetes type 1

What is Diabetes type 1 ?

Type 1 diabetes occurs when cells in the pancreas undergo autoimmune destruction and produce little or no insulin (a hormone responsible for helping control blood glucose levels). This happens because a failure in the immune system causes our antibodies not to recognize and attack the cells that make this substance.

Diabetics, about 5 to 10% of people with diabetes, need daily injections to maintain insulin in the blood. It is responsible for transporting sugar to cells and producing energy.

The condition lasts for life and there is still no cure, only control. It can be caused by genetic inheritance added to environmental factors. Although it can occur at any age, it is most common in children and young adults.

Symptoms of Type 1 Diabetes

Exhaustion;
Weakness;
Thirst
You want to urinate several times.
Frequent hunger
Constant thirst
Weightloss;
Vomiting
Nausea;
Humor changes.

These sensations enter the body quickly. Therefore, if the diagnosis of type 1 diabetes is delayed, the body begins to break down fat and muscle for energy. When this happens, ketone bodies enter the bloodstream, causing an imbalance called diabetic ketoacidosis. In addition, this problem causes the following symptoms: wheezing, abdominal pain, pink skin, agitation, and dry mouth.

Diagnosis of Type 1 Diabetes

In addition to evaluating your symptoms, three tests can help your doctor make a diagnosis:

1- Fasting blood glucose

Measures blood sugar level without eating. Reference values range from 65 to 99 milligrams of glucose per deciliter of blood (mg/dL).

2 – Glucose hemoglobin

HbA1c is the part of hemoglobin (a protein inside red blood cells) that binds glucose. The reference value for healthy people is between 4.5% and 5.7%.

3 – Glycemic curve

Using intervals, measure the rate at which glucose is absorbed by the body after ingesting it. Thus, the reference values are: Fasting, less than 100mg/dl | After 2 hours: 140 mg/dL

Causes and risk factors

The exact cause of type 1 diabetes is not fully understood. However, in most cases it is believed to be an autoimmune problem. This means that the immune system recognizes a natural substance in the body as harmful and begins to attack it. Therefore, in the case of type 1 diabetes, it is believed that the immune system attacks the pancreatic cells, destroying or damaging them enough to stop the production of insulin.

Type 1 diabetes can be caused by genetics combined with environmental factors such as a viral infection.

Primary care for patients with type 1 Diabetes

There is no cure for this disease, but some precautions help control blood sugar and maintain a healthy life. People with type 1 diabetes should eliminate sweets and simple carbohydrates from their diet, since they have a high glycemic index: sugar, bread, pasta, rice, pizza, chocolate, etc. The rapid absorption increases blood glucose levels.

Exercising 3 to 5 times a week can help avoid the risks of weight gain. But medical monitoring is necessary in cases of hypoglycemia or hyperglycemia so that there is no lack of control.

Measuring glucose at home is a mandatory task for people with type 1 diabetes. A glucose meter is a device that determines its concentration in the blood. Simply prick your fingertip and drip a drop of blood onto the detector. However, it is the physician who should inform the frequency of the self-examination and develop a plan, with the patient, to keep the rates under control.

Treatment of type 1 Diabetes

Only a doctor can determine the most specific drug, the correct dosage and the duration of treatment. In addition, the specialist should advise the patient on the daily administration of insulin.

Hormone Types: Regular, Insulin Analog, NPH, and Premixed.
Place of application: arm, thigh, abdomen, waist or buttocks.

Late diagnosis or incorrect treatment can cause complications for patients, such as damage to the arteries and blood vessels in the kidneys and retina. Also, there are chances of tingling, muscle weakness, foot infections, heart attack, high blood pressure, and stroke.

Type 2 Diabetes

What is Type 2 Diabetes

In general, type 2 diabetes starts silently. After all, unlike the first type, the condition is not only related to genetic factors, but also to unhealthy lifestyle habits, such as a sedentary lifestyle and a diet rich in carbohydrates, fats, and sugar. Therefore, it is usually preceded by many years of insulin resistance and diabetes.

“When a patient has symptoms, it means that the disease has probably been cured for several years. The main signs are polyphagia (excessive hunger), polydipsia (extreme thirst) and polyuria (increased urination). Unexplained weight loss and Changes can occur, visual too”, lists the endocrinologist Eduardo Lorena.

As for the diagnosis, the process is carried out through a fasting glucose test result greater than 126 mg/dL; blood glucose at time 120′ of the oral glucose tolerance test is greater than 200 mg/dl; glycosylated hemoglobin greater than 6.5% (this test indicates the approximate average level of glucose in the blood over the past 3 months); Or otherwise, blood glucose at any time of the day is greater than 200 mg/dL.

The main causes and risk factors.

The endocrinologist says that the main origin of the disease is resistance to insulin. That is, the difficulty of insulin action in the various organs and tissues of the body, as well as the decrease or cessation of insulin secretion by the pancreas.

There are also risk factors that increase a person’s chances of developing type 2 diabetes. First is genetic predisposition and having a family history of the disease. Other problems include: increased body fat, especially increased abdominal circumference, weight gain, and obesity. get old; Chronic use of certain medications, including corticosteroids. Systemic arterial hypertension and/or cholesterol/triglyceride alterations; Sleep apnea; lack of physical activity, smoking; Finally, for women, gestational diabetes.

However, it should be noted that type 2 diabetes is associated with the onset and exacerbation of a number of diseases, focusing on chronic renal failure, atherosclerotic diseases (causing angina pectoris, myocardial infarction and stroke), neuropathy diabetic and eyes like diabetic. retinopathy and glaucoma.

Diagnostics and Exams

DM2 is diagnosed by performing a fasting glucose test. But even if blood glucose levels are higher than what is considered normal or healthy, this test must be repeated at another time, and multiple tests performed, before determining whether or not the patient has diabetes. This is because the specific test result can be affected by some factors, such as doing physical activities or eating certain foods. In this way, if the glucose level is equal to 126 mg/dL or more, on at least two occasions, it already guarantees the presence of diabetes.

Causes Type 2 Diabetes

Unlike type 1, the problem does not start with an attack on the defense cells of the pancreas, the insulin factory. So type 2 starts with resistance to insulin, the hormone that helps put glucose (a nutrient from food) into cells.

In other words, this hormone is being produced, but it is not working properly. To compensate for this condition, the pancreas speeds up the production of insulin. But this comes at a price: over time, the organ wears out and the cells begin to fail. Until, one day, you can’t take the extra load anymore, that’s when your blood sugar rises and rises permanently.

In the long run, high blood glucose can cause serious damage to the body. With this, among the complications, lesions and plaques in the blood vessels stand out, which compromise the oxygenation of the organs and increase the risk of heart attacks and cerebrovascular accidents.

Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes

“Usually, treatment begins with counseling on behavior changes, such as diet changes, weight reduction, regular physical activity, smoking cessation, among others,” explains Eduardo.

Then, depending on the blood glucose level, the ability to produce insulin, and the presence or absence of other comorbidities, it may be necessary to initiate drug therapy to control the disease. “The drugs act by facilitating the action of insulin, increasing its secretion and promoting the loss of glucose through the urine, or its replacement in the event that adequate insulin is not produced.”

The doctor suggests that the best way for people with type 2 diabetes is to get regular medical appointments and laboratory tests. “The use of medications and, mainly, the performance of behavioral changes that reduce body fat and improve physical condition, such as eating a balanced diet (assessment with a dietitian is key) and regular physical activity, are specific factors associated with to a better quality of life,” he concludes. Patients.

Diabetes of Pregnancy

Gestational diabetes is a complication that affects 2% to 15% of pregnant women. And although there are some factors that contribute to its appearance, it can occur in any woman and is rarely accompanied by symptoms, so it is even more important to warn expectant mothers about it.

What is gestational diabetes and why does it occur?

It is characterized by an increase in glucose levels (carbohydrates used as an energy source) in the blood of a pregnant woman. It usually happens because the mother’s body undergoes some hormonal changes to help the development of the baby.

Also, much of the glucose in a woman’s bloodstream must be transported to the fetus. And the more she grows, the more she needs (especially from the second trimester). This puts the mother at greater risk of developing hypoglycemia (low blood glucose) while she is fasting or sleeping.

To avoid this problem, the body uses some mechanisms: the placenta, for example, produces substances (estrogen, progesterone and chorionic somatotropin) that reduce the action of insulin in the body (responsible for capturing and using carbohydrates).

The problem is that the effect of these substances is so strong that at the end of pregnancy the pancreas needs to increase its production of insulin by up to 50% to balance the amount of glucose in the mother’s blood. However, in some cases, the organ fails to reach the goal, at which point gestational diabetes occurs.

Gestational diabetes: Risks

Having very high blood sugar levels can cause health problems for the woman and child. This is because the baby can grow excessively (fetal macrosomia) and become obese or develop diabetes as an adult. In addition, the fetus is at increased risk of death, heart problems, respiratory diseases, and jaundice (yellowing of the skin and/or eyes). Not to mention that childbirth is usually more traumatic and requires more care.

Certain characteristics increase the chance of developing gestational diabetes. paying:

Older maternal age;
Excessive weight gain during pregnancy.
Overweight or obesity.
Polycystic ovary syndrome;
History of large babies (over 4 kg) or gestational diabetes;
Family history of diabetes in first-degree relatives;
History of gestational diabetes in the mother of a pregnant woman;
Systemic arterial hypertension during pregnancy.
Multiple pregnancy (twin pregnancy).

Symptoms Of Diabetes

In addition to being rare, some signs of gestational diabetes can be confused with features of pregnancy (such as increased frequency of urination and sleep). However, the following can occur:

Increased thirst;
Increased urination
More hungry
Blurry vision

Gestational Diabetes: Diagnosis

There are many ways to diagnose the condition. For example, the Brazilian Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FEBRASGO) recommends that all pregnant women have regular blood glucose tests from the first prenatal visit. If the score is average:

85 mg/dl or less: ideal value. No further investigation is done, especially if the woman has no risk factors;
86 to 126 mg/dL: prediabetes group;
More than 127 mg/dl: an indication of diabetes. The test will likely need to be repeated twice to confirm it, but the mother will need to start appropriate treatment.

In addition to traditional tests, women usually undergo an oral glucose tolerance test (or glucose curve) between weeks 24 and 28. Blood samples are collected at three different times: Fasting. one hour after consuming glucose syrup; Finally, two hours after eating carbs. The perfect numbers are:

Fasting blood sugar: normal at 92 mg/dL.
After 1 hour: normal to 180 mg/dL;
Blood sugar after 2 hours: normal at 153 mg/dL.

Thus, if two of these three references are altered, you have gestational diabetes.

Gestational Diabetes: Treatments

Pregnant women with this condition require adequate and frequent monitoring. Also, lifestyle changes are essential for a smooth and uncomplicated pregnancy.

1- Physical activity during pregnancy

Physical exercises are essential for pregnant women, as they relax, improve posture, reduce low back pain and help control gestational diabetes. In addition, movement is also recommended to relieve discomfort caused by changes in the body.

However, it is important to obtain medical clearance and proper instructions from an experienced trainer.

2 – What to Eat with Gestational diabetes

Proper nutrition is perhaps the most important point in the treatment of gestational diabetes. The diet should include more fruits, vegetables, legumes, and whole grains. And avoid refined carbohydrates (such as sugar and white flour) and very fatty foods.

You will also need to schedule meals, with specific portions and the help of a dietitian or nutritionist. In this way, the mother not only prevents problems but ensures adequate nutrients for the baby.

3- Use of insulin during pregnancy

In cases where blood glucose does not return to normal (even with the adoption of healthy habits), insulin and/or oral medications are used to control blood glucose. However, everything must be done with a prescription and professional guidance.

Diabetes in Children

Childhood diabetes occurs when there is too much glucose (sugar) circulating in a child’s blood. Type 1 tends to affect young people more, while type 2 can appear when lifestyle habits are unhealthy; however, it can be reversed if it is in the early stages. Learn all about the condition:

Type 1 diabetes Mellitus in Childhood

In type 1 diabetes, cells in the pancreas responsible for producing insulin (a hormone that helps regulate blood sugar levels) are destroyed. But sadly, there is no cure, and treatment is done by injecting the substance into the abdomen, inside the thigh, the back of the arm, or the buttocks, all under the supervision of a pediatrician, of course.

The main cause is genetic inheritance, but a poor diet and a sedentary lifestyle contribute to the aggravation of the condition.

Type 2 diabetes in Childhood

In the long run, high blood glucose can cause serious damage to the body. For this reason, among the complications, lesions and plaques in the blood vessels stand out, which impair the oxygenation of the organs and increase the risk of heart attacks and cerebrovascular accidents.

The main symptoms

Parents should pay attention to signs of illness:

Increased hunger
Constant feeling of thirst.
Dry mouth
Increased urge to urinate, including at night;
Blurry vision
Excessive fatigue
Drowsiness;
Also, not wanting to play;
Vomiting and nausea;
Weightloss;
Frequent infections
Irritability and mood swings.
Finally, it is difficult to understand and learn.

The diagnosis is made by a fasting blood test, which measures the child’s glycemia (blood glucose level).

Treatments

In addition to possible doctor-recommended drug treatments, it is very important for parents to encourage healthy habits. For example, maintaining a good diet, rich in fruits and vegetables, and exercising regularly.

Different specialties involved in diabetes care

General practitioner, geriatrician, family doctor or endocrinologist: is the person who makes a diagnosis, prescribes treatment and medication (when necessary), identifies risk factors for disease and complications, assesses associated health conditions, and provides advice on how to prevent and treat possible complications. It is recommended that appointments be made every three months or as needed.
Dietitian: Person who personalizes the recommendations for a healthy diet according to the needs, tastes and routine of each person. This professional will create an eating plan that adapts to your condition and the objectives set with the doctor and will indicate what, how and when to eat. The recommendation is to consult at least once a year;
Physical Educator: Prepare a physical activity plan according to the needs and capacities of the person served, in addition to monitoring and directing the execution of the exercises. consultations as needed;
Psychologist: concerned with emotions, thoughts and behaviors, helping mental health, hence the physical. It is not always easy to deal with a diagnosis or the challenges that life presents, so getting psychological support can make a difference in your physical and emotional health. Consultations according to the needs of each person.
Cardiologist: It is the doctor who will observe and see if everything is in order with the heart. Since diabetes can be associated with heart problems, it is recommended to see a cardiologist at least once a year;
Ophthalmologist: Routine eye health exams are recommended for everyone. However, since diabetes can lead to possible vision complications, as a form of prevention, it is recommended to consult this specialist at least once a year;

Other Complementary Disciplines

The nurse: has the role of observing, answering questions, promoting healthy habits and adhering to the treatment suggested by the doctor and other specialists of the health team. Consultations with this professional can be made at least once a year;
Pharmacist: They can help with information on how to properly take a medication, as well as provide guidance on potential drug interactions, and are often prescribed to treat various conditions. He is also able to teach the proper way to use equipment such as a glucometer and insulin delivery devices such as syringes and pens;
Dentist: Ideally, everyone should have regular dental appointments, not just people with diabetes. But those with this condition who can’t control their blood sugar well may be at higher risk of oral problems like bad breath, cavities, infections, and gum disease. A preventive follow-up for six months (at least) can avoid these complications and prevent them from getting worse if they occur.

What to ask the doctor at the appointment

What type of diabetes do I have?

There are several different types of diabetes, the two main types being type 1 and type 2. Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disorder in which the pancreas does not produce enough insulin (or no insulin at all). Type 1 diabetes is relatively rare, accounting for 5-10% of all diabetes cases.

On the other hand, type 2 diabetes is the most common form and accounts for 90 to 95% of all cases. Therefore, the disease develops slowly, usually over several months or even years. The body develops resistance to insulin and cannot make enough insulin to overcome the resistance. Type 2 can occur in people of all ages. However, they tend to occur more often in older and overweight people.

It is important to get tested right away to find out what type of diabetes you have. Because diseases are different and have different treatment protocols. But with both diseases, starting treatment early can reduce the severity of the disease and slow its progression.

What medications should I take?

Currently there are many medications available for people with diabetes that can help control blood sugar. Metformin is a common oral medication that many people with type 2 diabetes start with. People with type 1 diabetes often need injected insulin. In addition, there are also new technologies, such as inhaled insulin, continuous glucose monitors, and insulin pumps, which can be administered depending on the type and stage of the disease.

Therefore, most people newly diagnosed with diabetes have a lot to quickly learn about managing their disease. At the appointment, the doctor will place a glucose meter and you will be asked to check your blood sugar levels several times a day. Keeping track of your blood sugar levels can be a lot of work. But controlling these levels will help you feel better and may slow the progression of the disease.

What are some signs that your blood sugar is too high or too low?

Some diabetes medicines lower blood sugar too much and cause hypoglycemia. This can lead to:

Heart palpitations
Anxiety
Hunger
Perspiration
Irritability
Exhaustion

Therefore, unresolved hypoglycemia can lead to serious complications such as:

Confusion, as if drunk
confusion
seizures
Unconsciousness

High blood sugar is called hyperglycemia. Many people do not have symptoms, especially if levels are regularly high. So, some of the symptoms of hyperglycemia are:

Frequent urination
Increased thirst and hunger
Blurry vision
Exhaustion
Cuts and wounds that do not heal

Long-term high blood sugar can lead to chronic complications over time, such as damage to the eyes, nerves, blood vessels, or kidneys.

What lifestyle changes will I need to make?

Since diabetes is related to the way the body uses the food you eat, some changes in diet and exercise will be necessary for treatment. Food becomes a different entity for people with diabetes. This tends to be healthier for people with type 2 diabetes than for people with type 1 diabetes. But patients with both conditions need to pay attention to what they eat, when they eat it, and how food can change the way they function. your medicines and your health. health. insulin.

Therefore, your doctor should advise you on your diet and may recommend that you eliminate simple and refined carbohydrates or foods high in sugar, such as soft drinks, cookies, candy, bread, rice, and potatoes.

Also, people with diabetes need to know how physical activity can help them regulate their blood sugar. Exercise improves the efficiency of insulin and therefore acts as a dose of insulin. Just walking around the block will lower your blood sugar, even if you haven’t taken any medication. So talk to your doctor about how much exercise you should get each day and what is the best form of activity.

How will the Disease Progress?

Diabetes develops over time. It is a chronic and progressive disease that will require management from the moment of diagnosis and throughout his life. I mean, we can’t cure diabetes. But we may be able to bring it back to a calm state with some caution.

However, the patient has a lot of control over how quickly the disease progresses. Therefore, when you are diagnosed with type 2 diabetes, you need to control your weight and stay within a healthy BMI. But a person who does not lose weight or continues to gain weight, eats excess sugar and refined and artificial carbohydrates and does not take medication, the medication does not work over time, and therefore it may be necessary to add insulin for treatment .

The bottom line is that early intervention can alter the course of the disease. Therefore, it is essential to follow medical advice on weight control and medications in advance. In short, at the time of diagnosis, patients have the ability to know how they are progressing, as long as they adopt healthy habits and follow the treatment to the letter.

Diabetic Diet

Contrary to what many people think, there is no fixed diet for people with diabetes. Therefore, each patient should be reviewed by a dietitian, who will be able to enumerate the best dietary approach to take to manage the disease.

But, in general, a diet for diabetics should contain a low consumption of foods such as refined sugar, white bread, fried foods and fatty meats. On the other hand, it should be rich in fiber, which helps control blood sugar levels.

The worst foods for diabetes.

If you’re the type of person who likes to consume ultra-processed foods, be aware that research indicates that they may increase your risk of developing type 2 diabetes. To reach this conclusion, the study examined the eating habits of more than 100,000 people. . .

The research lasted ten years, from 2009 to 2019, and was led by the Center for Research in Epidemiology and Statistics at the University of Paris, France. Next, the researchers collected data on the participants’ dietary intake and asked them about their consumption of nearly 3,500 different foods.

Then the experts classified the foods according to the degree of their processing. Thus, four categories are described: unprocessed/minimally processed foods, cooking ingredients, processed foods, and highly processed foods (soft drinks, cookies, snacks, fast food, frozen lasagna…).

Thus, when crossing the records with a questionnaire on the volunteers’ eating habits, physical activity, and family history, the specialists found a consistent association between the absolute amount of consumption of ultra-processed foods and the risk of developing type 2 diabetes.

The Best foods for diabetes.

There is no magic formula, not even miracle foods: The best way to prevent type 2 diabetes is by eating a balanced diet. So invest in:

High-fiber foods: oats, whole wheat, soy, and chia

The amount of fiber in these foods helps keep blood glucose levels stable, avoiding the dreaded hypoglycemia (very low blood glucose).

Varieties rich in good fats: salmon, avocado, chia, flaxseed

This is because it is anti-inflammatory, and because it contains a large amount of monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fats, it benefits the health of the heart and blood vessels, as well as the blood, helping to prevent and combat various problems. , including diabetes.

Legumes and legumes: broad beans, soybeans, chickpeas, lentils, peas

Rich in various vitamins, antioxidants, minerals, and fiber, these two nutritious food groups are great allies. Both those who already have diabetes and those who want to prevent this diagnosis (as is the case with people with prediabetes). Prediabetes is a condition in which blood sugar is elevated, but not high enough to be classified as type 2 diabetes.

Fruits in general

Recent research conducted by Edith Cowan University (ECU) in Australia and published in Clinical, Endocrinology and Metabolism shows that eating two servings of fresh fruit a day can reduce the risk of developing type 2 diabetes by more than a third.

Cutting Carbs Prevents Type 2 Diabetes

It is proven that avoiding the consumption of carbohydrates and processed foods is a great ally in the fight against diabetes.

According to famous doctors Frederick Allen and Elliot B. This low carb diet, after years of study, was called low carb.

Since 2003, numerous clinical trials have confirmed that reducing carbohydrates is more effective than reducing dietary fat, both in reducing weight and improving glucose control. But recently, an analysis of several studies showed that lowering the glycemic load (the amount of glucose) and glycemic index (the effect of a particular food on blood glucose) were associated with a lower risk of type diabetes. 2.

Additionally, following weight loss, maintaining a real food-focused diet (with fewer high-glycemic foods and more protein) has been shown to be an excellent strategy for maintaining weight loss already achieved, and longer than normal. any other diet. to express.

So it’s hard to argue and ignore the effectiveness of a low-carb diet for treating type 2 diabetes (and even fatty liver).

The Best Exercises For Diabetics.

Physical exercise is essential for everyone, but especially for people with diabetes. That’s because moving regularly can help control weight and blood sugar levels. Physical activity is also a powerful weapon for people with prediabetes.

Additionally, exercise can help the body fight disease by increasing the activity of the immune system. In times of a global pandemic, people with chronic illnesses are at higher risk of developing complications if they do get sick. That is why it is important to stay healthy.

Physical activities also help to lose weight and improve balance. However, adherence to the exercise program must be consistent to achieve lasting results.

Before Exercise

Know the type, time and intensity of training
Control the amount of insulin in the blood.
Program the device to alert you to the possibility of hypoglycemia

During exercise

If the sensor shows that your blood glucose is between 7.0 mmol/L and 10 mmol/L (126 mg/dL to 180 mg/dL), you are ready to exercise right away.
When the blood glucose level is at the limit of 7.0 mmol and with the arrow (indicating blood glucose level increase or decrease) horizontally, it is suggested to eat 10 to 15 g of carbohydrates.
When the arrow is slightly down, increase by 15 to 25 g. And in cases where it points all the way down, feed it 20 to 35 grams.
Exercise should be stopped when your blood sugar is below 3.9 mmol/L (70 mg/dL), in these cases, eating more carbohydrates will cause your blood sugar to rise. If this happens, you can return to the exercises. However, if the patient has it below 3.0 mmol/L (54 mg/dL), it is essential to stop training immediately.
Discontinuation should also occur when the device reads above 15 mmol/L (>270 mg/dL)

After exercise

Within 90 minutes of exercise, blood glucose levels should be between 4.4 mmol/L and 10 mmol/L (80 mg/dL and 180 mg/dL). However, if not, it is suggested that you consume 10 to 15 grams of carbohydrates.
Finally, in cases where insulin administration is necessary, the patient must set an alarm to give a maximum of 4.4 mmol/L and make another visit before going to bed.

If you’re sedentary and want to start an exercise program, check with your doctor first to make sure you don’t have any restrictions or special precautions. So here are the best exercises for people with diabetes. This way, over time, you can increase the duration and intensity of your routine.

Walk

Anyone who thinks they need a gym or expensive equipment to work out is wrong. Thus, walking is a great option for those who train at home. Meaning, all you need is a pair of athletic shoes and a safe place to walk, while keeping your distance from others. A brisk walk for 30 minutes five days a week is recommended.

According to a 2014 review of studies, walking can help people with type 2 diabetes lower blood sugar levels and lose weight.

Cycle

Cycling is also a form of aerobic exercise, it makes your heart and lungs work better and burns calories. To ride a bike, you don’t even have to leave the house: an exercise bike can come in handy because you can do it whatever the weather.

Swim

Water activities like swimming, water aerobics, and running in the water can exercise your heart, lungs, and muscles, while putting some stress on your joints.

According to a 2017 study, water exercises can help lower blood sugar levels, just like land exercises.

Yoga

Yoga can help people with type 2 diabetes control blood sugar, cholesterol levels, and weight. Additionally, it can lower blood pressure, improve sleep quality, and improve mood.

Pilates

Pilates is a physical conditioning program designed to improve core strength, coordination, and balance. So, according to a recent study in older women with type 2 diabetes, it may also help improve blood sugar control.